Ancient Black Sea Port, Fortress Caria near Bulgaria’s Shabla ‘Sinking’ into the Sea, Report Alarms
Caria in Northeast Bulgaria was a major ancient Black Sea port for roughly 1,000 years – from the 6th century BC until the 6th century AD. Photo: BGNES
The Caria Fortress, a major ancient Black Sea port near today’s town of Shabla in Northeast Bulgaria, is sinking further into the sea, a news report alarms.
The Black Sea seems to have been eating away at Bulgaria’s northern Black Sea coast for thousands of years, and it is known that much of the ancient city of Caria and its Late Antiquity Roman and Early Byzantine fortress have been engulfed by the waters, not least because of the collapsing coast.
However, now a report of the BGNES news agency has raised alarm that the Bulgarian authorities have done nothing to rescue what has been left of the Caria Fortress (and the rest of the Antiquity settlement) located near the town of Shabla, and Cape Shabla, Bulgaria’s easternmost point.
The ancient city and fortress of Caria (also known as Caron Limen / Karon Limen / Portus Caria) lies to the north of the Kaliakra Cape Fortress and the Yailata Fortress & Archaeological Preserve, other major archaeological landmarks on Bulgaria’s northern Black Sea coast.
The site of the Caron Limen / Portus Caria near today’s Shabla was first settled by Ancient Thracians (from the tribe of the Getae). The name Caria is internationally associated with an ancient region in southwestern Anatolia (today’s Turkey), and there are hypotheses that the ancient port in today’s Northeast Bulgaria of the same name was established in the 6th-5th century BC precisely by settlers from Caria in Anatolia.
Caron Limen / Portus Caria was a major Antiquity port on the Black Sea coast for about 1000 years. A small Late Roman / Late Antiquity fortress, the Caria Fortress, was built there to protect the port in the early 4th century AD, and survived into the Early Byzantine period.
Today the ruins of ancient city of Caria are found right next to another unique landmark, the 32-meter-tall Shabla Lighthouse which was first built in the 18th century by the authorities of Ottoman Turkey, including by extracting construction material from the Caria ruins.
Learn more about the history of ancient Caria in Northeast Bulgaria in the Background Infonotes below!
While its region was inhabited by Ancient Thracians, the port of Caria was probably established by settlers from Ancient Caria in Anatolia (today’s Turkey). Photo: BGNES
The 32-meter-tall Shabla Lighthouse is visible in the background behind the Caria ruins. It was constructed by the authorities of Ottoman Turkey in the 18th & 19th century with material from the ruins. Photo: BGNES
While numerous information billboards around the Caria Fortress inform its visitors about the history of the site, nothing has been done to preserve it in spite of its archaeological value, BGNES writes in a report.
It reminds that the ancient population of Caria in Northeast Bulgaria built up its port artificially, by building upon the existing natural reefs, and that some 2,000 years ago, Cape Shabla itself extended significantly further into the Black Sea than it does today.
The report also emphasizes that by the Caria Fortress was explored and described by an archaeologist, the Czech-Bulgarian archaeologist and historian Karel Skorpil, for the first time, at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the entire eastern half of the fortress and the settlement had already collapsed into the sea.
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The fortress of Caria was built by the Ancient Romans in the 4th century, and was destroyed several times by barbarian invasions in the Early Byzantine period. Photos: BGNES
The ruins of the initially Ancient Thracian Black Sea settlement Caria (also known as Caron Limen / Karon Limen, Portus Caria, and Careia / Careas), which had a fortress with the same name in the Late Antiquity, are located on Bulgaria’s Black Sea coast, near the town of Shabla, and the country’s eastern-most point, Cape Shabla. The ancient city and fortress of Caria lies to the north of the Kaliakra Cape Fortress and the Yailata Fortress and Archaeological Preserve, other major archaeological landmarks on Bulgaria’s northern Black Sea coast.
The site of the Caron Limen / Karon Limen / Portus Caria near today’s Shabla was first settled by Ancient Thracians (from the tribe of the Getae (Gets)). The name Caria is internationally associated with an ancient region in southwestern Anatolia (today’s Turkey), and there are hypotheses that the ancient port in today’s Northeast Bulgaria was established in the 6th-5th century BC by settlers from Caria in Anatolia.
Caron Limen / Portus Caria emerged as a major Antiquity port on the Black Sea coast for a period of about 1000 years, up until the 6th century AD. During the Late Roman / Late Antiquity period, a small fortress of the quadriburg type was built there to protect the port. It was constructed in the early 4th century AD, and survived into the Early Byzantine period.
Portus Caria was mentioned in a number of ancient sources, including by Roman geographer Pomponius Mela (d. ca. 45 AD) in his work “Geography” who recorded that Caria was located between Calatis (today’s Mangalia in Romania) and Tiristis (Tirizis, later the Kaliakra Fortress on Cape Kaliakra). According to Roman historian of Greek origin, Arrian (ca. 86-ca. 160) the hinterland of Portus Caria / Caron Limen was also known as “Caria” (again, not to be confused with the ancient region in Anatolia of the same name). This is a coastal terrace which today features numerous archaeological remains from the ancient settlement, including its necropolises, with a total area of about 25 hectares (app. 10 acres).
The site of Caria (Portus Caria / Caron Limen) was first explored and described in the late 19th century by Czech-Bulgarian archaeologist Karel Skorpil. Later, archaeological excavations in 1976-1979, and underwater archaeological explorations in 1962 and 1979-1980 confirmed the identification of the site the ancient port city of Caria. Today, much of the eastern parts of the settlement and fortress of Caria is under water. (Further off the coast of Shabla, explorations have located a submerged Bronze Age settlement, an Antiquity necropolis, sunken ancient boats, and several sunken late medieval ships.)
Ancient authors mention that the port of Caria (Portus Caria / Caron Limen) was established artificially, by building upon existing natural reefs to the north, south, and east to create efficient breakwaters.
The Caria Fortress was built on Cape Shabla which at the time reached 40 meters further east into the sea than it does today. It was a quadriburg (rectangular fortress), which, according to Karel Skorpil’s description, was 67 steps long and 40 steps wide, and had four corner towers. Its walls are about 1.6 meters wide, and parts of its western wall have survived up to 1.9 meters in height.
The Late Antiquity Caria Fortress was used by the Roman and Byzantine authorities for military and policing purposes such as protection of the port and monitoring of the maritime traffic and trade, and for tax and customs activities. There are hypotheses that it was destroyed in the 440s during the invasions of Attila’s Huns, together with the city of Caria. Archaeologist Assoc. Prof. Sergey Torbatov from the National Institute and Museum of Archaeology in Sofia has found that the Late Antiquity / Early Byzantine fortress of Caria was rebuilt about a century later, during the reign of Emperor Justinian I the Great (r. 527-565 AD).
It was built up together with three other similar fortresses in the region as part of a defensive network of Early Byzantine forts against the barbarian invasions. It had some modifications of the original fortifications, with thicker walls (1.9-2.0 meters wide). The rebuilt Caria Fortress was destroyed once again in a barbarian invasion in 563-564 AD; it was briefly restored once again, and was ultimately destroyed in another invasion at the end of the 6th century.
In the 18-19th century, during the Ottoman period, material from the Late Antiquity fortifications was used for the construction of Shabla Lighthouse. The Shabla Lighthouse, towering at 32 m, is the oldest and tallest lighthouse along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. It was built in its present form in 1856, 22 years before Bulgaria was liberated from Ottoman Turkey, to replace an older lighthouse built some time between 1756 and 1786.
By the early 20th century, the ruins of the eastern part of the Caria Fortress and the port city of Portus Caria / Caron Limen were destroyed because of the coast’s collapsing into the Black Sea.
Artifacts discovered during the land and underwater archaeological exploration of the port of Caria and the Caria Fortress are part of the collection of the Regional Museum of History in the northeastern city of Dobrich.
